Introduction of Gps Free Essays

string(86) " of the satellites and use very precise radar to check  altitude, position and speed\." GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) 3802 O/C AMTR DASSANAYAKE MTS INTAKE 28 3802 O/C AMTR DASSANAYAKE MTS INTAKE 28 HISTORY OF GPS SEGMENTS OF GPS APPLICATIONS OF GPS GEOSTATICS ASSIGNMENT 01 HISTORY OF GPS SEGMENTS OF GPS APPLICATIONS OF GPS GEOSTATICS ASSIGNMENT 01 ASSIGNMENT I Prepare a detail report regarding GPS including following features†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. Historical development. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction of Gps or any similar topic only for you Order Now Segment of GPS. 3. Wide variety of applications of GPS. INTRODUCTION * GPS is a satellite-based navigation system originally developed for military purposes and is maintained and controlled by the United States Department of Defense. GPS permits land, sea, and airborne users to determine their three-dimensional position, velocity, and time. * It can be used by anyone with a receiver anywhere on the planet, at any time of day or night, in any type of weather. * There are two GPS systems: NAVSTAR – United States system, and GLONASS – the Russian version. * The NAVSTAR system is often referred to as  the  GPS (at least in the U. S. ) since it was generally available first. * Many GPS receivers can use data from both NAVSTAR and GLONASS; this report focuses on the NAVSTAR system. 1. Historical development GPS is primarily a navigational system, so a background on navigation will give insight as to how extraordinary the Global Positioning System is. * People first navig ated only by means of  landmarks  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ mountains, trees, or leaving trails of stones. * This would only work within a local area and the environment was subject to change due to environmental factors such as natural disasters. * For traveling across the ocean a process called  dead reckoning, which used a magnetic compass and required the calculation of how fast the ship was going, was applied. The measurement tools were crude and inaccurate. It was also a very complicated process. * When traveling over the ocean, people began using the stars as guidelines. * The stars appear different from different locations on Earth so analyzing the stars gave sailors the basic direction to follow. * Celestial navigation  was our primary means of navigation for hundreds of years. It was a time-consuming and complicated task of measuring the angles between stars – a process of triangulation. * The degree of precision was limited. The sextant was developed during this time but si nce it only measured latitude, a timepiece was also invented so that the longitude could also be calculated. * This type of navigation only worked at night and in clear weather which was a great disadvantage. * It was not until the 20th century that  ground-based radio navigation systems  were introduced. Some are still in use today. * GPS is a satellite radio navigation system, but the first systems were ground-based. * They work in the same way as does GPS: users (receivers) calculate how far away they are from a transmitting tower whose location is known. When several towers are used, the location can be pinpointed. * This method of navigation was a great improvement, yet it had its own difficulties. An example of such a system is LORAN. * Each tower had a range of about 500 miles and had accuracy good to about 250 meters. * LORAN was not a global system and could not be used over the ocean. Because ground based systems send signals over the surface of the earth, only two-dim ensional location can be determined. * The altitude cannot be calculated so this system could not be applied to aviation. The accuracy of such systems could be affected by geography as well. The frequency of the signal affected accuracy; a higher frequency would allow for greater accuracy, but the user would need to remain within the line of sight. * The first global navigation system was called OMEGA. It was a ground-based system but has been terminated as of 1997. * Timeline of GPS Development * Late 1960s, concept development. * Early 1970s, program funding and establishment of a Joint Program Office within the Department of Defense. * December 1973, proposal for GPS approved by the Defense System Acquisition and Review Council (DSARC). * Mid-1970s, ground testing of the GPS concept. February 22, 1978, launch of the first GPS satellite. * 1989, Magellan Corporation introduces the first hand-held GPS receiver. * 1991, detection and fix of a major a glitch that slowed progress. * J anuary 1991, military use of GPS in Operation Desert Storm in Iraq. * December 1993, declaration of Initial Operational Capability (IOC) by the U. S. Secretary of Defense. * May 2, 2000, SA is turned off by presidential directive; inexpensive civilian GPS receivers increase their horizontal accuracy from â€Å"no worse than† 100 meters to 15-25 meters. * Oct 1, 2005 First Modernized GPS Satellite with improved accuracy. . SEGMENTS OF GPS GPS uses radio transmissions. The satellites transmit timing information and satellite location information. The system can be separated into three parts: i. Space segment ii. Control segment iii. User segment Connection of three segments, i. Space Segment * The space segment consists of the satellites themselves. * According to the  United States Naval Observatory, there are currently 27 operational GPS satellites about 11,000 miles up in space. * This constellation (see Figure 2 below) provides between five and eight GPS satellites visibl e from any point on the earth. The Space Segment * It takes each satellite about twelve hours to orbit the earth. There are six orbital planes with at least four satellites in each plane. * The orbits are tilted to the  equator  of the earth by 55 ° so that there is coverage of the  Polar Regions. * The satellites continuously orient themselves to ensure that their  solar panels  stay pointed towards the sun, and their  antennas  point toward the earth. * Also each satellite carries 4  atomic clocks. ii. Control Segment * The control segment is a group of ground stations that monitor and operate the GPS satellites. There are monitoring stations spaced around the globe and one Master Control Station located in Colorado Springs, Colorado (see Figure 3 below). * Each station sends information to the Control Station which then updates and corrects the navigational message of the satellites. * There are actually five major monitoring systems, the figure below does not include the Hawaiian station. * T he stations constantly monitor the orbits of the satellites and use very precise radar to check  altitude, position and speed. You read "Introduction of Gps" in category "Essay examples" * Transmitted to the satellites are  ephemeris  constants and clock adjustments. The satellites in turn, use these updates in the signals that they send to  GPS receivers. The Control Segment iii. User Segment * This part consists of user receivers which are hand-held or, can be placed in a vehicle. * All GPS receivers have an  almanac  programmed into their computer, which tells them where each satellite is at any given moment. * The GPS receivers detect, decode and process the signals received from the satellites. * The receiver is usually used in conjunction with computer software to output the information to the user in the form of a map. As the user does not have to communicate with the satellite there can be unlimited users at one time. * The user requires a GPS receiver in order t o receive the transmissions from the satellites. * The GPS receiver calculates the location based on signals from the satellites. * The user does not transmit anything to the satellites and therefore the satellites don’t know the user is there. * The only data the satellites receive is from the Master Control Station in Colorado. * The users consist of both the military and civilians. 3. Applications of GPS Today, GPS has a wide variety of applications and GPS is finding its way into cars, boats, planes, construction equipment, movie making gear, farm machinery and even laptop computers. * The most obvious application for GPS is satellite navigation in vehicles, aircraft and ships. * It allows anyone with a GPS receiver to pinpoint their speed and position on land, air or sea, with incredible accuracy. * Drivers can use in-vehicle portable navigation devices to follow a route, find detours around traffic problems and with additional software receive traffic alerts and warning s on safety camera locations. GPS is used for tracking devices; people can pinpoint any object on the earth. For example, GPS vehicle tracking systems or GPS fleet tracking systems can point out where their stolen vehicle is or where their ship sails at present. * Main uses of GPS technology are as follows: a) Location †The first and foremost palpable application of GPS system is the simple determination of a position? or location; Navigation † b) The primary design of GPS tracking system was to provide navigation information or ships and planes; c) Tracking â€Å"With the accurate data provided by the system, monitoring mobile objects or people is not difficult task anymore; d) Mapping â€Å"GPS can help in creating maps and models of everything in the planet. Mapping the earth had never been an easier task; e) Timing† GPS satellites carry highly accurate atomic clocks, and GPS tracking devices here on the ground when synchronized with those in the satellites ar e themselves atomic accuracy clocks providing accurate time. * There are many applications for military in GPS, * The military utilizes GPS in land, marine, and airborne navigation. In addition, GPS satellites are equipped with sensors to monitor and detect the donations of nuclear weapons. * Navigation is the main function of GPS with uses in all branches of the military. * Some examples are; photo reconnaissance, low-level navigation, target acquisition, command and control, en route navigation, and missile guidance. * Although GPS was designed for military use, civilian use of the navigation technology has dramatically increased with the advent of affordable, portable GPS receivers and the ability to increase the accuracy of civilian GPS readings. A major use of GPS is for surveying and mapping, including land, marine, and air borne surveying, local and global deformation monitoring, and geodetic control. * Applications in transportation and communication and include automotive n avigation aids, with an automated display of the vehicle position on an electronic map. This is particularly useful for emergency vehicles and search and rescue missions. * Monitoring the location and movement of vehicles such as taxis, trucks, and boxcars can also be achieved using GPS. Recreational activities have also become a large market for low-cost, portable receivers. Boating, backpacking, biking, and horseback riding are a few of the activities whose participants use fairly inexpensive, relatively low accuracy GPS receivers. * GPS is also available for other uses: hikers and ramblers can use GPS receivers to ensure they are following their chosen route and to mark rendezvous points along the way. * While gamers can take part in geocaching, a kind of treasure hunt for the digital age, which uses precise GPS signals to help the players track down a hidden stash. The emergency services, for instance, can use GPS not only to find their way to an incident quicker than ever befor e but also to pinpoint the location of accidents and allow follow-up staff to find the scene quickly. * This is particularly useful for search and rescue teams at sea and in extreme weather conditions on land where time can be a matter of life or death. * Scientists and engineers also have applications for GPS receivers, in scientific experiments, and in monitoring geological activity such as earth tremors, earthquakes and volcanic rumblings. They can use strategically positioned GPS devices to assist them in tracking climate change and other phenomena. Fundamentally, GPS can now be used to produce very accurate maps. * GPS is a term that most commonly conjures up images of vehicle navigation systems, space-age satellite technology, and interactive maps for outdoors-types and sportsmen as well as below usages, * Know where children are using services from companies like uLocate Communications. * Keep track of elderly members of your family, so that they don’t wander off alone . * Plan a road trip around interesting points of interests, landmarks, campsites, diners, etc. Get emergency road side assistance at a touch of a button from the vehicle, so you can get help exactly where and when people need it. * Keep a visual journal and bookmark collection of your favorite hot spots, sceneries, and points of interests that may not be listed in any travel guide. * Find lost pets easily using collars with built-in GPS. * Feel safer with cellular phone emergency calls, so emergency person can pinpoint your location once you make an emergency call. * Track your luggage, laptops, and anything of importance while traveling. Track and find family, friends in a crowded concert, graduation, or any social gathering. * When going on a vacation, feel free to separate from group for a while to venture on your own based on your own interests and find them later on with your GPS enabled device- even in an unfamiliar place. * Creative and educational uses of GPS; * Stay physic ally active and fit by playing Ray Gun! A locational based cell phone game based on GPS technology. * Become more cultured, make global friends, and learn about the world playing Geocache, a global GPS based treasure hunt. GPS boosts productivity across a wide swath of the economy, to include farming, construction, mining, surveying, package delivery, and logistical supply chain management. * Major communications networks, banking systems, financial markets, and power grids depend heavily on GPS for precise time synchronization. Some wireless services cannot operate without it. * GPS saves lives by preventing transportation accidents, aiding search and rescue efforts, and speeding the delivery of emergency services and disaster relief. GPS is vital to the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) that will enhance flight safety while increasing airspace capacity. * GPS also advances scientific aims such as weather forecasting, earthquake monitoring, and environmental prote ction. * GPS use to determine a position from measurements of distances is known as triangulation  (not  triangulation, which involves the measurement of angles). * GPS  receivers  receive satellite signals; they do not transmit or bounce signals off the satellites. GPS Systems are a passive, receive-only system, GPS Systems can support an unlimited number of users, both military and ivilian. * GPS system provides a 24 hour per day global coverage. GPS systems are an all-weather system which is not affected by rain, snow, fog, or sand storms. * GPS use to measure distances to four or more satellites simultaneously and knowing the exact locations of the satellites (included in the signals transmitted by the satellites), the receiver can determine its latitude, longitude, and height while at the same time synchronizing its clock with the GPS time standard which also makes the receiver a precise time piece. How to cite Introduction of Gps, Essay examples

Further Challenges Australian Consumer Law -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Further Challenges Australian Consumer Law? Answer: Introducation https://myassignmenthelp.com/free-samples/movingPuxu case was different from TPG advertising because the claim of misleading conduct rested solely on the fact that the appellant sold goods that looked identical to the ones sold by the respondent. On this particular case, the Court examined whether Puxu breached the Trade Practices Act 1974(Cth) as well as the Australian Consumer law by selling a misleading and a deceptive product. Through the majority, the Court found out that a reasonable purchaser would pay attention to the brand, label and the mark of the furniture before making their decision to buy and avoid being misled by the similarities exemplified by the rival products. This was a great contrast to TPG form of advertisement which targeted the potential consumers who had the intention of buying the product. In this case, the potential consumers were much interested with the subject matter of PTGs advertisement and a misleading advertisement was an intrusion of their consciou sness which had ability to lead the consumer to an error. If I was employed in a marketing section of an internet service provider and a fitness center I would advise the company to either conduct different form of advertisements and pricing for the two services offered or conduct a comprehensive advertisement that comprises of the combined pricing for the internet service plus the fitness center to avoid misleading the consumers on the price. For consumers who prefer accessing only one of the services, then I would advise that the company set sole pricing for each service to avoid creating confusion that would lead to a probable exploitation of the consumers in terms of the prices of the services. References Pearson, G., 2017. Further challenges for Australian consumer law. In Consumer Law and Socioeconomic Development (pp. 287-305). Springer, Cham. Corones, S.G., Christensen, S.A. and Howell, N., 2016. Submission to Australian Consumer Law Review Issues Paper. -toward-a-dynamic-temporal-framework

Digital Signature Service Occurrence †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Digital Signature Service Occurrence. Answer: Introduction: Across the digital medium, users are faced by many authenticity and integrity problems because of the pervasive nature of the internet. Moreover, users are forced to operate with other users who are unknown to them. These outcomes force users to use third party members to authenticate their operations, a function offered by DocuSign. Now, the company offers signature services across electronic documents which facilitate business operations among many other functionalities that require user verification. In essence, users will append verifiable signatures to the information they send to other users through the DocuSign portal, a feature that is encrypted with some of the best security protocols. However, this service was heavily exposed and breached in May (2017), when thousands of customer records were leaked by intruders(Ribeiro, 2014). First, two major forms of attack were conducted, the first still unknown based on its access procedure was the genesis of the problem as it exposed the necessary data to conduct the second attack. In the first attack, intruders were able to access customer records from DocuSign communication system. This information included records of names and contact address (including email). Furthermore, the intruders accessed the communication service used by the customers and the organization. Now, the communication service sent emails to customers alerting them on the documents they needed to sign as provided by their affiliate business partners or work members. Therefore, this communication services was the foundation of the DocuSign service. Nevertheless, the access granted through the first breach gave the intruders access to the said information which they used to send phishing emails to the customers, the second form of attack(Mann, 2017). DocuSign dismissed the attack as it hit the low-level systems which according to them had minimal confidential data that had zero financial records/information. Moreover, the organization claims to have alerted its customers of the impending danger after realising the breach which they also claim helped to contain the problem. However, according to security experts, the main problem outlined in this attack, was the facilitation made by the organization in helping the intruders access customers data and systems which were later used to target them. A serious security violation that targeted customers through legitimate communication systems. In all the attack was conducted in two steps; first, the attackers gained access to the company servers i.e. the communication system which held both the details of communication (email address) and the communication facility itself. Thereafter, the intruders sent customers phishing emails in which each customer was requested to open a word docume nt in need of their action (signature). Now, this word document when clicked directed the users to the intruders website where their confidential information was requested(Shu, 2017). Phishing attacks usually target users confidential information through duplication or replication techniques, where malware containing malicious applications or systems are sent to unsuspecting cyber systems users. In most cases, the targeting is done using communication channels such as messaging apps and email accounts. The intruders will send emails or messages to the users who naively click on them as they are disguised as the legitimate addresses to different functionalities of organizations (). After clicking the links, the users are sent to false accounts or systems that request, users information. In this incidence, the attack happened due to negligence where the host organization surrendered the information owned by its customers to intruders. In fact, without the assistance given to the intruders, the attack would never have happened(Impreva, 2012). However, the attack did also happen because of the users negligence, although filled with many legitimate procedures that would have tricked any vigilant customer, the attack would have been avoided using a watchful eye. Nevertheless, the verifiable accounts were used (DocuSign communication system) which included the companys logos, communication details and procedures. Therefore, the users would have only noticed the intrusion after clicking on the phishing email which then proceeded to ask for confidential information such as financial records. However, the organization did outline that the attack was a failed attempt as no users financial details were acquired(Mann, 2017). Targeting customer through phishing attacks can only be solved by user sensitization, this solution happens to be the most effective countermeasure as it prevents all attacks irrespective of the procedure used. Furthermore, it improves the chances of other technical solutions such as firewalls, access control and anti-malware firmware. Therefore, in the first solution (sensitization), the users are familiarised with the attack procedures used by the intruders where emails, messages and adware (pop-ups) are sent to users who click on them either intentionally or unintentionally. After clicking on the said content they are directed to the target systems. Therefore, by having this knowledge the users can be vigilant and avoid any material or link that directs and request any confidential information. Moreover, users should never provide information in any system unless it's completely verified(Parno, Kuo, Perrig, 2008). Technically, the solutions start with simple anti-malware applications that root out the phishing malware which provides the first line of defence. Todays anti-virus systems will alert the users in case their system is compromised more so, by unverifiable links or addresses. Secondly, we have access procedures and securing of end points which in this instance should have been done by DocuSign as they were the root of the problem. As an organization, DocuSign should re-evaluate its security procedures and policies as they were heavily compromised to grant the intruders access. In the future, they should have multiple access control procedures to limit illegal access to their systems(Jain Jinwala, 2015). Part B: May 2017 Ransomware attack (WannaCry) Ransomware represents malware attacks that target users information by placing systems on lockdown unless ransom payments are made. In essence, the user will fail to access their files and system as a disruption message is displayed on their computer screens requesting for the payment. Intruders using this form of attack will threaten to expose the said information to the public or destroy it which based on the value of the content will arguably push the user to pay the demanded amount. Similarly, the attack at hand was conducted to extort users, however, in this case, the affected came from different parts of the world an extensive intrusion that compromised global functionalities(Emling, 2017). According to cyber security experts, the May attack signalled the biggest cyber-attack in history as millions of users were affected worldwide by a new and revolutionary ransomware. Now, at the start of the intrusion, 100 countries were affected, an outcome that originated in the United States where the countrys cyber weapons were accessed by a rogue cyber hack team. This team gained access to a vital vulnerability in Windows system which propelled the attack across the world, but with heavy intrusions in the countries of Russia and England(News, 2017). Starting with Russia and England, the attack targeted different institutions and organizations which nearly crippled the services offered by the public sectors. In England for instance, the health industry was compromised as both employees and patients were unable to access service records through the NHS (National Health system) system. To the employees, they found ransom notes across their screens requesting for $300 payment so as to access their files. Subsequently, the patients also faced the same outcome with some failing to access vital medical procedures including surgeries as their medical records were unavailable for consultation(Islaim, 2017). However, Russia was the most hit as outlined by the multifaceted attacks that claimed casualties in different sectors of the country. To start with, the malware compromised the public sector by affecting several ministries of the country and including a state owned Railway Company. Furthermore, the attack also took down private organizations in the field of banking. In addition to this, the ransomware did also affect other countries such as Egypt, China and Spain where again the same outcome was experienced(Emling, 2017). Ransomware represents a group of malware attacks that compromise the system to demand payments or resources and like any other form of malware attacks, they will execute their attacks through the vulnerabilities exhibited in cyber systems. Similarly, the WannaCry targeted cyber systems through the vulnerabilities exposed by Windows systems. However, unlike other common attacks, the WannaCry intrusion was fuelled by serious operational procedures as developed by the National Security Agency (NSA) of the United States. Now, the NSA is known to have several cyber weapons tools which they store for national security procedures. In this case, the vulnerability at hand was known as EternalBlue and it affected Windows networking procedures through its messaging block i.e. SMB. In all, the SMB is an application protocol that resides within the application layer of the TCP/IP model where it facilitates communication of machines in networks(EMC, 2016). SMB will allow users to access files within networks where computers read and write files through the protocol. Moreover, the same protocol will enable computers to request services within networks. Its therefore, through this procedure that the vulnerability at hand worked. In the attack, the vulnerability was used to access the target machines which were remotely activated using an SMB handshake. After the access, the payload holding the ransomware program was loaded and activated into the target machine. On activation, the program started scanning for other networks connected to the infected machine and un-secured connections were used to spread the payload even further. Now, it is through this self-replicating procedure that the malware was able to successfully infect many machines across the globe(Islaim, 2017). WannaCry utilised a serious vulnerability in Windows systems which gave unsolicited access to users systems through the networks they were connected to such as the internet. However, prior to accessing the said vulnerability (EternalBlue), the machines connected to the networks needed to have unsecured access ports for the intruders to deliver the payload which subsequently targeted the said vulnerability. Therefore, the first step or method that would have been used to prevent the attack was to secure the access systems of networks. This outcome would have been done using several access procedures including access control and firewalls. These procedures would have limited the attacks by isolating the networks access ports(Burgess, 2017). Secondly, the vulnerability at hand should have been identified by the developers and users alike. The users through their security checks should have assessed the operating systems for any technical glitches which would have been used to develop a solution. Therefore, the attack was propelled by a poor security procedures/policies that failed to identify the threats facing the cyber system. Furthermore, the manufacturer failed to develop a competent system which affected millions of users worldwide, a common occurrence today as developers are more focused on product deployment as compared to security. Therefore, the first line of defence to the attack should have been secure systems as developed by the product developer including inbuilt firewall systems(Burgess, 2017). References Burgess. (2017). Everything you need to know about EternalBlue the NSA exploit linked to Petya. . Wired, Retrieved 24 August, 2017, from: https://www.wired.co.uk/article/what-is-eternal-blue-exploit-vulnerability-patch. EMC. (2016). Preventing a ransomware disastor. EMC, Retrieved 24 August, 2017, from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwiwgdWRi_DVAhWIK8AKHdA9BKEQFggqMAAurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmozy.com%2Fsystem%2Fresource. Emling, S. (2017). Ransomware Attack Wreaks Havoc Globally. AARP, Retrieved 24 August, 2017, from: https://www.aarp.org/money/scams-fraud/info-2017/how-to-protect-against-ransomware-fd.html. Impreva. (2012). Phishing made easy: Time to rethink your prevention strategy? HACKER INTELLIGENCE INITIATIVE, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.imperva.com/docs/Imperva-HII-phishing-made-easy.pdf. Islaim, A. O. (2017). SMB Exploited: WannaCry Use of "EternalBlue". Fire eye, Retrieved 24 August, 2017, from: https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/05/smb-exploited-wannacry-use-of-eternalblue.html. Jain, A., Jinwala, D. (2015). Preventing Phishing Attacks: A Novel Approach. International Journal of Computer Applications , Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://research.ijcaonline.org/volume121/number14/pxc3904521.pdf. Mann, S. (2017). DocuSign Was Hacked, but It's Not That Bad. Inc Security, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.inc.com/sonya-mann/docusign-hacked-emails.html. News, B. (2017). Massive ransomware infection hits computers in 99 countries. Technology, Retrieved 24 August, 2017, from: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39901382. Parno, B., Kuo, C., Perrig, A. (2008). Phoolproof Phishing Prevention. Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.netsec.ethz.ch/publications/papers/parno_kuo_perrig_phoolproof.pdf. Ribeiro, J. (2014). Digital signature service DocuSign hacked, users hit with malicious emails. PC world, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.pcworld.com/article/3196902/security/digital-signature-service-docusign-hacked-and-email-addresses-stolen.html. Shu, C. (2017). DocuSign confirms customer email addresses were stolen and used in phishing campaign. Tech crunch, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/15/docusign-confirms-customer-emails-were-stolen-and-used-in-phishing-campaign/.

How to Cancel Your ACT Scores

How to Cancel Your ACT Scores SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Think you did horribly on the ACT? Need to cancel your scores? Or are you just wondering what you would do if you ran into an emergency on test day? In this guide, we'll cover three actions you can take to deal with a bad ACT score: canceling scores, stopping college score reports, and deleting existing scores. Likely you would only need to use one or two of these methods if you run into trouble, but we will cover all three to make sure you know all of your options. Option 1: Canceling ACT Scores If you don't think you did well on the ACT, your first option is to cancel your scores. It's the most drastic option you can take if you think you did poorly on the ACT, and it stops your exam from even being graded. What Does Canceling Your Scores Do? If you cancel your scores, this means your test won't be graded and you won't get a score report. Students usually do this if something unexpected happens during the test– for example they get suddenly sick or an emergency pops up. Canceling your scores does not come with a refund, so we only recommend doing this in an extreme situation. You should only cancel your scores if you can't finish the test. Don’t cancel your scores just because you feel bad about your performance. Why not? Since you already paid for the test, if you were able to finish it, you might as well wait and see your test scores.Lots of students walk out of the test center feeling like they bombed the ACT, but they're often pleasantly surprised by their scores. You might be one of them. Plus you can learn about your performance from the score report, which is helpful if you decide to retake the ACT. And if your scores really are terrible, you can delete them later on (a process we'll explain later in this post). Finally, know that most schools do not require you to send all your ACT scores. In fact, you will need to send individual score reports to each school. You can take the ACT up to six times, and you don't need to send your lower ACT scores to schools. Our advice if you think you did poorly would be to wait for your score report but delete your college score recipients, which we will explain below. How Do You Cancel Your ACT Scores? You can only cancel your ACT score on the day of the exam, while you're still at the test center. In order to do this, tell the exam proctor to void your scores before you leave the test center. This will stop your test from being graded, and you won’t get a score. Again, only do this in extreme or unusual circumstances.If you don't tell the proctor to void your score before you leave, there is nothing you can doto stop your test from being graded. Once you’ve broken the seal on your test booklet, that test is yours and you either need to complete it or cancel the score. If an emergency comes up right before the test, just don’t break the seal and you will be able to move your registration to a different date. You can also do this if you can't make it to the test center the day of the ACT. (You can switch your test date online using your ACT student account. You will have to pay the test date change fee, but that's cheaper than a whole new registration.) Option 2: Getting Rid of Your College Score Recipients Once the reports are in the mail, it's too late. One thing you absolutely should do if you feel shaky about your ACT performance is to get rid of your college score recipients. This is different than canceling your score reports. While your ACT will still be graded, you can make sure no colleges see your scores. You can always send the score reports later if it turns out you did well (although you'll need to pay for those score reports). The ACT will send up to four score reports out to colleges of your choice for free as part of your test registration. You can cancel these reports up to the Thursday after your test. If you’re worried that your performance was bad, simply log onto your ACT Student account and delete those college score recipients. This guarantees no scores will be sent to anyone, unless you choose to send the scores later on. You have until the Thursday after the ACT to edit or delete colleges from that list. After that, the score reports will be sent no matter what. So if you complete the ACT but think you did poorly, simply delete the colleges off your score sending list so they won’t see your score. Option 3: Deleting Test Records If you end up with an ACT score you’re not happy with, aside from making sure it’s not sent to colleges, you can also delete the scores from the ACT’s records. You can do this by submitting a written request to ACT. Send a letter with your name and address, and state that you want to delete a test date record. Mail the letter here: ACT Institutional Services P.O. Box 168 Iowa City, IA 52243-0168 USA The ACT will then send you back a form that you can use to delete the test record. This can permanently remove a bad test score from your record. However, if you took the ACT as part of state or district testing, it can’t be deleted. This only applies for testing you signed up for and paid for yourself. Bottom Line If you’re feeling really sick or an emergency pops up the morning of the ACT, the smartest thing to do is to no-show and use your test registration for a later test date. If you start your test but are unable to finish, void your scores before you leave the test center to make sure a score report isn’t created. If you don’t void your scores, make sure to delete your college score recipientsby the Thursday after the ACT to make sure your score isn’t sent to colleges. And finally, if you get your score and decide you don’t like it, it can be deleted from ACT’s records. As long as you're aware of these options, you can make sure colleges only see the scores you want them to. What’s Next? Need to prep for the ACT, ASAP? Read our guide to making massive point improvements in just 10 days. Need more help on the ACT? Get a guide to must-know ACT Vocab and learn how to write an ACT essay, step-by-step. Also read a guide to each section on the ACT: English, Math, Reading, and Science. So there's no guessing penalty on the ACT, but that doesn't mean you should guess wildly and without a strategy. Read our guide to guessing wisely on the ACT to maximize your score. Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

6 Tips for a Thrifty Christmas

6 Tips for a Thrifty Christmas 6 Tips for a Thrifty Christmas If popular song is to be believed, Christmas is simultaneously the most wonderful time of the year and the season to be jolly (fa la la la la, la la la la). As such, you’ll probably be wanting to let loose and have a good time with friends and family. Doing this on a student budget isn’t easy though. One way to make sure you don’t get left out is doing a Grinch and stealing Christmas from everyone else. Before you start breaking and entering, however, it might be worth trying our tips for getting into the festive spirit without breaking the bank. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Make a Budget It’s easy to get carried away over Christmas, so it’s important to set a budget and stick to it, including for cards, gifts, ornaments and food. If this doesn’t sound suitably festive, you can always try it while wearing tinsel and drinking egg nog. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Start Shopping Early It might be a bit late for this year by the time you read this, but if you start your Christmas shopping early you can save a lot of money. One good option is to have a â€Å"Christmas Cupboard† for storing any festive bargains you spot during the year. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Get Crafty If money is really tight, making your own gifts, ornaments and cards is a great alternative to splashing the cash. Again, this might require a little planning, but a handmade gift or card can be a unique way of proving that it really is the thought that counts. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wrap Up Warm! Not strictly a Christmas-themed tip, but if you wrap up warm rather than blasting the central heating all day throughout the winter, you’ll save a fortune on your fuel bills! 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Festive Feast (And Beyond) Yuletide wouldn’t be the same without eating so much you feel slightly unwell, but Christmas dinner can be expensive. Making your own treats will definitely help here, as it’s usually cheaper than buying them pre-made. Christmas dinner can even keep you fed beyond just Christmas day: using your leftovers cleverly is delicious and a good money saver. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Memories, Not Materialism Despite all the bustling malls, shiny lights in shop windows and excitable commercials on TV, Christmas really should be about more than just money. Spending time with your friends and/or family costs nothing, providing memories that will last a lifetime (or far longer than it takes for your average Secret Santa present to be re-gifted at least).

Nok Civilization Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nok Civilization - Term Paper Example It was during unearthing a part of an alluvial tin mine nearby the Nok village that discoveries were made. The Nok village is in Jaba Local Government to the south of Kaduna state, next to Jos Plateau that is located in Central Nigeria in West Africa. Natural erosion and deposition led to Nok terracotta being spread all over the Sahel grasslands at various depths, therefore making it difficult to date and classify them. Due to sheer luck two sites were found to have Nok art which had not been moved. With the help of radiocarbon and thermo-luminescence tests the archaeologists were able to narrow down the age of the sculptures to between 2000 and 2500 years back. This meant that these artifacts were among the oldest ones of West Africa (Nok - a visit to Africa’s ancient civilisation 2013). Nok culture belongs to the Nigerian heritage which has not been given a lot of attention – at least not as much as other civilizations around the globe. Among all ancient tribes the Nok civilization was the most advanced and organized with respect to their living style. Unfortunately, though, a majority of the qualities that were associated with the Nok culture are no longer there and just a silhouette of their past exists today (Nok - a visit to Africa’s ancient civilisation 2013). For instance, today there is a single Nok blacksmith in the whole community and just a couple of weavers when in fact the Nok civilization was prominent due to their talents in weaving, molding and blacksmith. The same trades that they were known for now hardly exist (Nok - a visit to Africa’s ancient civilisation 2013). Nok people can be categorized as traditionalists – they considered their culture and traditions important and made sure that their children also followed them. For instance, they used to prepare their male children for manhood and made sure that the women followed their ‘female’ roles rather than taking over the males’ position.

Should the U.S. intervene in some way in Syria or should it stay out Research Paper - 1

Should the U.S. intervene in some way in Syria or should it stay out - Research Paper Example Assad of backing up Kurdish rebels with the intention of inflaming pressures between the Turkey and Kurds. American intervention could therefore contain the situation and avoid more conflicts (Yossi 56). United States’ involvement in Syria could form a fortification against terrorist groups such as the Al Qaeda. American can only achieve this by equipping and training trustworthy partners in Syria’s interior opposition. Most of these extremists have found safe havens in the non-administered spots in Syria. American move will not only assist Syria but the American too by apprehending some of these extremists and bringing them to justice (Zisser 24). Additionally, American involvement on Syria might mend associations with crucial allies like Qatar and Turkey. The prime minister of Turkey and his Qatari equivalent have condemned America for presenting only non-fatal backing to the revolt. Both approved the establishment of a no-fly area and â€Å"secure areas† for civilians in the territory of Syria yet these precautions will end the conflict (Perthes 65). Lastly, American intervention in Syria might culminate a dreadful human-rights catastrophe in Syria and halt the migration of emigrants, which is establishing a liability on bordering states. President Obama guaranteed prior this year to reinforce the government’s capacity â€Å"to predict, avoid and act to mass and genocide atrocities.† As a result, United States can avoid and stop the atrocities by positioning allies in the front-run and thereby avoid slithering down the greasy slope to ground warfare (Tucker and Roberts89). One of the cons for US intervention in Syria is the huge American’s debt. American debt is a threat its national security and economic stability. American debt has already raged over the $16 trillion dollar obligation mark. Keep in mind that United States’